Expectancy, Instrumentality, & Valence
- Expectancy is the perception that effort (input) will result in a level of performance.
- You will work hard if it leads to high performance.
- You would be less willing to work hard if you knew that the best you would get on a paper was a D regardless of how hard you tried.
- Instrumentality: Performance leads to outcomes.
- Workers are only motivated if they think performance leads to an outcome.
- Managers should link performance to outcomes.
- Valence: How desirable each outcome is to a person.
- Managers should determine the outcomes workers want most.